P4C in Preservice Teacher Education: Difficulties and Successes Encountered in Two Research Projects

Abstract

Introduction:  In teacher training, reflection centres on three primary aspects: technique, interpretation and the critical sense. The technical approach emphasizes means rather than ends in education. It deals primarily with the how rather than the why. From this perspective, reflection is considered a means for trainees to compare their use of the educational techniques they have been taught to the use made of these techniques by their peers. This perspective is centered around reproduction rather than on the development of autonomous, critical and creative thinking (Bullough and Gitlin, p. 38).